Blame the description of the safety belt is credited with the English inventor Sir George Cayley, who in 1800 planned to use it to secure the pilot in an aircraft heavier than air. He has studied and created the theory of aerodynamics and other areas. Kaylee has developed a construction safety belt because it understood the danger of testing his aircraft. He wrote to his colleague William Henson: "One hundred goals must be broken before you can install all the sources of accidents and eliminate them." In 1804 he designed several models, the appearance resembling modern gliders, and landed at the helm of the boy-pilot. Almost 50 years later, in 1853, under the direction of Keighley in the air up his coachman, John - he ran up and jumped from the slope of the hill and flying over the earth. These events took place half a century before the Wright brothers' flight. The first U.S. patent for a safety belt was in 1885, Edward Kleghorn from New York. In the description of the device said that it was created to ensure the safety of people by attaching hooks and other items to a fixed object. Kleghorn calculated that, sitting in the car, people had to wear a belt and fasten it with a special rifle. The next mention of the use of safety belt belong to 1 September 1913, when the French pilot Adolphe Bago fulfilled a long maneuver on an airplane flying upside down - not to fall out of the chair, he was assigned to a special belt clip. After some time, repeated the trick Pegu Peter Nesterov "loop", during which time he strapped a seat belt. By the way, perhaps, Petr Nesterov died due to lack of safety belt - during the First World War, he rammed the Austrian airplane, then the aircraft fell into a tailspin, and Nesterov, dropped out of the cab. However, among the pilots fastening a safety belt available only in 1930, and in the racing seat belts are equipped with some of the cars in the 1920's. In the automobile sector lap belts began to implement in only 50 of the last century. In 1951, engineers and aviators Roger Griswold and Hughes De Haven of America have invented a belt with a V-shaped form and the lock on his stomach. This mechanism was quite effective, but extremely inconvenient for daily use, especially for passengers and female drivers. At the beginning of this decade, the American designer Kenneth Ligon and his brother, Bob Ligon received a patent for a two-point safety belt. The device had two attachment points which provide a record of the body around the waist and quickly removed. Since 1956, these belts have begun to install as an option on cars Ford. Buyers are reluctant to take the machine with straps - they not only provide security, but also posed a threat of serious injury of the abdominal cavity during the impact. In 1958, famous for his desire to improve the security of driving a Volvo CEO Gunnar Ingellau learned about designer Niels Bolin. Bolin worked in the aviation division of the company SAAB, worked on the development of ejection seats and restraint systems in their pilot. Gunnar lured him to her, significantly increasing the salary and giving him the post of engineer for safety. Nils quickly figured out that existed at that time belts were too uncomfortable and difficult to use. He realized that during the accident the human body undergoes severe overloading, so a year later introduced its development. It was a three-point V-shaped strap, made of two straps - one for the upper body, chest, and the second - holding the bottom part. Both belts were combined and fastened with a zipper in the thigh. In 1959 Gunnar gave the order to be equipped with basic versions of its models, Volvo P120 Amazon and Volvo PV 544 three-point belts, invented by Nils Bohlin, and after a few years they have become a standard feature for the front seats of many cars. Bolin invention reduced the probability of death in a car accident at 40-50% and reduce injuries by 50-60%. Three-point safety belt - the best combination of usability and efficiency of work, difficult to calculate how many lives were saved thanks to him. The highest performance is achieved through proper seat adjustment, but not all motorists have wondered about this. If the belt is adjusted as need be, between the chest and the strap is difficult to fit two fingers, so it stings a little. But people have weakened the strap for convenience and in an accident before, how to fix seat belt, they gained speed. Because of the sad statistics engineers replaced a static strap inertia, which lost to him in the performance. The length of the straps of the inertial belt more than static. When you hit breakdowns latch coil and a man with greater force flew out of his chair. However, rigid fixation of the body has its drawbacks - in case of heavy clashes in the chest when a load of several tons. For example, in a collision with a stationary object at 50 km / h on the body of an adult man weighing 80 kg impact force acts 2 tons, and the child has to strike force of 500 kg. Therefore belts equipped prendatyazhitelyami and force limiters. Retractors react to slowing down the car, he pulls a strap body to the seat back. German automakers in 1981 began installing pyrotechnic retractors seatbelts on Mercedes S-Class (W 126), and in 2002 at the Mercedes S-Class (W220) appear prendatyazhiteli power that can be used many times. Electric retractors include the airbag system, they receive control signals from the central sensor SRS. They are also used in the prevention of collisions. Do fireworks mechanical prednatyazhiteley on older cars had a built-in sensor, because of which there was a small chance that the moment of impact he can not work, so pyrotechnic retractors to gain control of the SRS, as well as electric. One element of the retractors - limiting efforts. It reduces the effects of the belt to the chest during impact. The device reduces the belt tension, dampening overload and reduces the effects of passive safety systems on human fastened. Unbelted driver or passenger can get seriously injured, hit the roof of the car and the passenger sitting in the middle, in a frontal crash could crash through the windshield. May suffer and those who are strapped, but incorrectly placed the straps on the body, as well as those located in the reclining chair - they are threatening spinal injury and head strap can cut into the throat and strangle him sitting. You should not lift up his feet on the toolbar or press the knees to him - if the car is the airbag, then the disclosure she breaks leg bones. Unfastened person alone can not withstand the load in the accident, he throws around the cabin, so that he gets injured from the blows of the seats, roof, panel, glass, and sit back can squeeze between the headrests and roof. Since the 1970's adjustment Tension was replaced by automatic belt locking device with a belt. When auto-lock is a risk to suffer because of the thick layer of clothing - creating the effect of cushion between the body and the belt, the belt on impact absorbing "pillow", and then blocked by the belt. Fixing the Rights is a little later, during which time he can hit his head on the windshield or on the opened on time cushion. Mechanism retractors always acts before the airbags. Response time retractors - 0,004 seconds after the definition of an accident. Some time ago the U.S. machines were installed "separate" safety belts - the diagonal and lumbar belts had to wear a individually. American Medical Association conducted a study which showed that if only the diagonal belt is fastened, then the likelihood of damage to the chest increases by a factor of three. In a frontal collision buckled shoulder strap only chance of damage reported in 7 times more likely than unfastened. Maladjustment belt tension since the late 70's ruled by installing automatic tensioning device to lock the belt. When using automatically blocked belts may play a negative role a thick layer of clothing. It creates a kind of cushion, which prevents close contact with the human body belt. Because of this, during the first collision is absorbed pillow clearance, but then a spurt that activates the device lock belt. Therefore, to retain rights belt starts very late. Such a delay could lead to a passenger hit his head on the windshield or receive a dangerous shock, which opened an airbag. Passive safety systems are constantly improving. But no matter how simple the mechanism of the seat belt should be able to properly adjust it.
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